Senator Dale Bumpers

Introduction Dale Bumpers was born in 1925 and brought up in Charleston, Arkansas. When he was a young boy, the U.S. underwent through the Great Depression forcing Bumpers to do odd jobs to support his family. Bumpers spent the better part of the Great depression working in farms, canneries, and even acted as the hearse driver in his father’s funeral.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Senator Dale Bumpers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During that period, he also worked as an attendant in a small grocery store. Before passing away, the senior Bumpers had served a one term as a state legislator. From a young age, the senior Bumpers taught his son that being elected in to a political office was the biggest achievement that a man could have. This must have been the young man’s motivation for his political career later on in life. (Worrell 1) As a young boy, Dale Bumpers spent his life within Arkansas. He attended public schools within his hometown and even went to the University of Arkansas where he got his undergraduate. Finally, he attended the Northwestern University Law School in Chicago where he attained his graduate degree in law. Before joining the University for his Graduate Degree in law, Bumpers first had a brief stint in the U.S. military. During World War II, that lasted from 1943-1946, he served in the American Marine Corps. During his university days, Bumpers became a great admirer of Democratic politics especially those of its presidential candidate Aldai Ewing Stevenson. Bumpers completed his law degree in 1952 and was admitted into the Arkansas bar the same year. In the same year, he became the Charleston city attorney a position he held until 1970. His experience as the Charleston attorney inspired him to write an autobiography The Best Lawyer in a One-Lawyer Town: A Memoir that was published in 2003. (Bumpers 8) Although Bumpers had long been interested in poli tics, he had not made his political ambitions explicit. However, this changed in 1970 when he suddenly announced his interest for the governorship seat on a Democratic part ticket. However, some thought this to be impossible as he had to battle for the nomination with other established candidates led by a former Governor Orval Faubus and Joe Purcell who was the then Attorney General among others. Although he was a newcomer with no big name to his cap, he won the people’s heart with his rich spoken language and personal charisma. During the first round of the elections, Bumper managed to go into the runoff stage with a previous governor Orval Faubus.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although Bumpers had a slim victory that led him to the runoff, he got a landslide victory during the next phase of the elections. When the general election finally came, Bumpers emerged victorious o ver Winthrop Rockefeller the then serving Republican Governor. His election as the governor marked his long political career in the United States. He was reelected as the governor in 1972 again defeating a serious pool of both Democratic and Republican contenders. (Biographical Directory of the United States Congress) The political career of Dale Bumpers continued to shine brighter and brighter leading into his election into the United States Senate in 1974. This was a position that Bumpers would hold for four consecutive terms until his retirement in 1998. In 1974, he won against John Harris Jones and in 1980 he defeated William Clark who was a Democratic turned Republican. In the 1986 elections Bumpers was able to retain his seat by defeating Asa Hutchinson a trend that he maintained in 1992 when he trounced future Governor Mike Huckabee. In 1998, he was ineligible for reelection having served the maximum four terms and he retired gracefully from elective office. (Blair 72) As a f ederal government official, Bumpers chaired many committees, which were mandated with bettering the welfare of the American people. This included chairing the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, which was mandated with raising the standards of small business people in America. Before his retirement, he also served as a junior member of a committee tasked with looking into Energy and Natural Resources affairs. After his retirement, Bumpers helped his long time friend and the then President Bill Clinton escape an impeachment trial against him. (The Pbs NewsHour) Even after retirement, Bumpers and his wife continued to support their noble cause of childhood vaccination. This led to the establishment of the Dale and Betty Bumpers Vaccine Research Center that seeks to further research in vaccine growth. Today, Dale Bumpers is regarded as one of the greatest American senators who are still alive. Conclusion Dale Bumpers endured a challenging childhood to become one of the greatest politicians that America has ever produced. During his childhood, Bumpers had to perform odd chores in order to pay his bills. However, he beat all the odds to become an attorney and later a Governor. He was later elected in the Senate for four consecutive terms until his retirement in 1998. During his tenure as a senator, Bumpers served in many key committees including the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship and the Energy and Natural Resources Committee. After his retirement, his defense helped President Clinton to overcome an impeachment trial against him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Senator Dale Bumpers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Bumpers, Dale, (1925- ), n.d. Web. Oct 25. 2010. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=b001057. Blair, Diane. The Big Three of Late Twentieth-Century Arka nsas Politics: Dale Bumpers, Bill Clinton and David Pryor. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1995. 53-79. Print. Bumpers, Dale. The Best Lawyer in a One-Lawyer Town: A Memoir. New York: Random House, 2003. 1-12. Print. The Pbs NewsHour. The Impeachment Trial. Former Senator Dale Bumpers, 1999. Web. Worrell, Diane. The Arkansian. Senator Dale Bumpers Project Begins, 2010. 1-36. Print. This essay on Senator Dale Bumpers was written and submitted by user C0ry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why Laboratory-Grown Meat Is Not Vegan

Why Laboratory-Grown Meat Is Not Vegan On August 5, 2013, Dutch scientist Mark Post presented the worlds first laboratory-grown burger at a press conference, where he shared the patty with two food critics. Although the foodies found the flavor lacking, Post stated that the purpose of the exercise was to show that it could be done; flavor could be improved later. Laboratory-grown meat may seem at once a Frankenfoods nightmare, as well as a solution to the animal rights and environmental concerns regarding meat-eating. While some animal protection organizations applaud the idea, meat grown in a laboratory could never be called vegan, would still be environmentally wasteful, and would not be cruelty-free. Laboratory-Grown Meat Contains Animal Products Although the number of animals affected would be greatly reduced, laboratory-grown meat would still require the use of animals. When scientists created the first laboratory-grown meat, they started with muscle cells from a live pig. However, cell cultures and tissue cultures typically do not live and reproduce forever. To mass-produce laboratory-grown meat on an ongoing basis, scientists would need a constant supply of live pigs, cows, chickens and other animals from which to take cells. According to The Telegraph, Prof Post said the most efficient way of taking the process forward would still involve slaughter. He said: Eventually my vision is that you have a limited herd of donor animals in the world that you keep in stock and that you get your cells from there. Furthermore, these early experiments involved growing the cells â€Å"in a broth of other animal products,† which means that animals were used and perhaps killed in order to create the broth. This broth is either the food for the tissue culture, the matrix upon which the cells were grown, or both. Although the types of animal products used were not specified, the product could not be called vegan if the tissue culture was grown in animal products. Later, The Telegraph reported that pig stem cells were grown using a serum taken from a horse fetus, although it is unclear whether this serum is the same as the broth of animal products used in the earlier experiments. Posts final experiments involved shoulder muscle cells taken from two organically raised calves and grown in a broth containing vital nutrients and serum from a cow fetus. Its Still Considered Wasteful Scientists are hopeful that laboratory-grown meat will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but growing animal cells in a laboratory would still be a waste of resources, even if the cells were grown in a vegan medium. Traditional animal agriculture is wasteful because feeding grain to animals so that we can eat the animals is an inefficient use of resources. It takes 10 to 16 pounds of grain to produce one pound of feedlot beef. Similarly, feeding plant foods to a muscle tissue culture would be wasteful compared to feeding plant foods to people directly. Energy would also be required to â€Å"exercise† the muscle tissue, to create a texture similar to meat. Growing meat in a laboratory may be more efficient than feedlot beef because only the desired tissues would be fed and produced, but it cannot be more efficient than feeding plant foods directly to people. However, Pamela Martin, an associate professor of geophysical sciences at the University of Chicago, co-authored a paper on the increased greenhouse gas emissions of a meat-based diet over a plant-based diet, and questions whether laboratory-grown meat would be more efficient than traditional meat. Martin stated, â€Å"It sounds like an energy-intensive process to me.† As reported in the New York Times, Post replied to a question about whether vegetarians would like lab-grown meat, Vegetarians should remain vegetarian. That’s even better for the environment. Perpetuating Animal Use and Suffering Assuming that immortal cell lines from cows, pigs and chickens could be developed and no new animals would have to be killed to produce certain types of meat, the use of animals to develop new types of meat would still continue. Even today, with thousands of years of traditional animal agriculture behind us, scientists still try to breed new varieties of animals who grow larger and faster, whose flesh has certain health benefits, or who have certain disease resistance. In the future, if laboratory-grown meat becomes a commercially viable product, scientists will continue to breed new varieties of animals. They will continue to experiment with cells from different types and species of animals, and those animals will be bred, kept, confined, used and killed in the never-ending search for a better product. Also, because current research into laboratory-grown meat is using animals, it cannot be called cruelty-free  and purchasing the product would support animal suffering. While laboratory-grown meat would probably reduce animal suffering, it’s important to keep in mind that it is not vegan, it is not cruelty-free, its still wasteful, and animals will suffer for laboratory-grown meat.

Analysis of Linear DNA Genomes Separation in Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis has been widely used as a form of separating DNA genomes in varying sizes from 100 kp upto 25 kb. Isolation of Agarose gel is obtained from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria.in the gelato process, the polymers of agarose often form an association of none covalent which form networks of pore sizes which determine the molecular ability of sieving properties. Use of gel electrophoresis is beneficial in separation of DNA genomes. Electrophoresis process is key in separating the different nucleic acids using various sizes and charges depending on the contents of the solution. In this experiment, lab analysis of gel was used to put gel solutions in charged nucleic acids for separation purposes. At this point the larger DNA and RNA have a hard time in separating thus allowing time for separation of the genomes based on the sizes. The rate of separation of the DNA molecule in the experiment was determined by the rate at which the sizes of the DNA, the concentration of the gel, DNA Conformation present, voltage degree applied, ehidium bromide solution introduced, type of agarose and the buffer being utilized in electrophoresis. After the process of separation, DNA molecules will be able to be visualized in the UV light using staining process to identify the different genomes. Thus in essence DAN electrophoresis defines the process by which the DNA migrates in the supporting medium. Most of electrophoresis is carried in agarose gels in narrow polymers of gels using pores of different sizes, this sieving provides a means by which the pores gives an opportunity for the DNA molecules to go through the pores at different sizes thus being separated using molecular weights. Thus this laboratory report uses agarose Gels while staining with ethidium bromide   to assess the separation process of the different DNA genomes. Thus it seeks to investigate the DNA genome separation to assess the different nucleic acids by their respective sizes. Refer to the Lab Manual 5 for in-depth methodology and procedure. Diagrammatic presentation of gel DNA Table 1; Showing gel electrophoresis picture Table 2; Showing curve presentation of the base pairs against distance travelled Table 3; Showing table figure for the curve Table 4; Showing how to calculate base pairs Example suppose we have a base pair having travelled 0.3 cm, then draw a line as illustrated above and take the readings on the corresponding logbp and take the anti log, which you get the base pair size. Table 5; Showing the sizes of pUC19 and their insert sizes Agarose gel electrophoresis has been utilised as a common method for separation of proteins, (Kryndushkin et al., 2003). The basic forms of nucleic acids can be separated through the aid of electrification process whereby charged molecules move to the anode side. This migration as depicted in the experiment ensures that molecules which have lower molecular weight are able to move faster, (Sambrook & Russel 2001). The process of electrophoresis is a crucial step in ensuring purification process of the desired DNA bands. In this experiment the usage of ethidium bromide is essential in visualizing the staining of the transcend DNA molecules. In this task, the Agarose gel electrophoresis plays a key role in ensuring the characteristics of DNA are obtained without any alterations. This experiment has yielded results which have enabled determination of DNA fragments sizes through digestion by restriction enzymes. The visualization has been effected with the use of ethidium bromide which is a common agent in nucleic acid purification process. The Agarose gel concentration on this task entailed the separation of the gel using agarose gel concentration of 0.2%w/v having bands from 0.1-1 kb. The distance travelled by DNA molecules in electrophoresis is directly proportional to the size of the DNA itself. The agarose gel is beneficial in ensuring that there are movements based on their sizes. With the various differences between the various rates of the DNA molecules in the gel solution, they are separated based on the size of the bases. The relationship built between the varied sizes of the DNA genome. The sieving of DNA is done through the size which it bears, (Southern, 1975). The length of DNA strands often vary from 50 base pairs to upto million s base pairs which agarose gel electrophoresis can be effective in separating them , the migration and distance travelled is linked on the concentration of the agarose used to prepare the gel. Concentrations having lower concentration are able to travel faster in the distance travelled and vice versa. In this study agarose gel of 2% has been used which was effective in separating the DNA at range of 0.1-1 kb, the low percentile gels often signify gels which are weak. Double stranded DNA moves faster as the molecules travels; its speed is inversely proportional to the logarithm of base pairs. This linked and established relationships depends on the strength of the of gel composition. The distance travelled by the digested genome signifies that there is action of restriction enzymes which shows that there restrictions which have taken place, thus distinguishing the variability linked to genetics and enzyme cost. The digested fragments were this separated using the agarose gel electrophoresis which showed continuous smear on the gel surface with the distribution of the difference fragment sizes being established. Digested pUC19 is a plasmid and able to transform itself on the transformation process where it can be able to multiply itself and express. Undigested pUC19 originate from E coli and contain high number of base pairs. The transformation efficiently portrayed shows that smaller pUC19 plasmid sin E choli can be manipulated and be transformed from the ampicilin forms. This shows that the DNA is in contact form with plasmid DNA being intact and with presence of viral chromosomes which can be transformed into high efficiencies. This transformation is through the resulting effect of digestion of peri plasmids. The undigested Puc19 shows presence base pairs which have the ability to perform recombination and be incorporated into cells, (Goto, Kenta & Yukio, 2013). The lanes which have recombination factor is able to facilitate the cloning of DNA in host cells.   This signifies recombination of various fragments of gel solution. The lanes that have been generated originated from digestion of particular DNA, which gives it equimolar amounts. Based on the lanes, there is variation on the number of non molar amounts, thus signifying that there is difference in band lengths. Others have shown to represent circular forms of the plasmids which is dependent on the age and quality of the plasmids. The existence of three forms of DNA formation which exists include linear formation, open circular formation and supercoiled forms. Plasmid DNA have been prevalently been studied in laboratory studies. After its preparation they exists in the three forms above. With good plasmid preparation, DNA often form plasmid which exist in any one strands of the DNA, this break causes the release of the phosphordiester backbones of the DNA to be released out. The visualising process of the agarose gel using the standard control tool is key to assess whether the bands have created a generation or not. Closer bands are well compressed than far away bands as indicated in the gel view. The standard marker used in this experiment was essential in ensuring that the standards sizes are generated using base pairs. This result signifies that electrophoresis is an effective way of separating nucleic acids. High gel agarose gives room for handling of low percentage gel separation. Due to the size of the base pair present in this experiment, has utilised field gel electrophoresis. This is   comparable to studies done (Lee et al, 2012), which have shown that sizes of DNA can be separated effectively through plotting on the log of molecular weight and different bands of DNA against the distance moved, this portray how different forms of gel can be able to move at different speeds. Super coiled plasmid DNA have sown to move faster, while those in linear formation travel averagely while open circular travel slowly. Goto, K., & Nagano, Y. (2013). Ultra-low background DNA cloning system. PloS one, 8(2), e56530. Kryndushkin DS, Alexandrov IM, Ter-Avanesyan MD & Kushnirov VV (2003). Yeast [PSI+]   prion aggregates are formed by small Sup35 polymers fragmented by Hsp10. Journal of Biological Chemistry.278 (49): 49636. Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2012). Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, (62). Sambrook J&Russel DW(2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 3rd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Southern, E. M. (1975). Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J mol biol, 98(3), 503-517.

The journey of Irish immigrants surviving Research Paper

The journey of Irish immigrants surviving - Research Paper Example It will not be incorrect to state that millions of people were migrated to America in different cities but majority came and settled in New York because it was the largest city in America. In addition, immigrants came with a hope that they will live in a free country and they had this hope that they will live in their dream America. The reason was that America was economically stable at that time and there were various opportunities to earn money. However, the local people didn’t want to work immigrants in their country and live a better life than them. It was because the local Americans were not able to accept the fact people from other country can lead them and can be better than them. The Americans disregarded Irish people and treated them as poor people2. Irish immigrants wanted to achieve the dream American life like other Americans were having in their homeland. It was the reason due to which they were working hard to get the desired life. Though, it was difficult for them but they were trying hard by focusing on the education and seeking jobs for them. However, they were unable to get their desired life because they were not accepted by the local Americans3. Thoughts above occurred me when I stepped into the Lower East Side Tenement Museum. It looks like a normal old building from the outside. I stood at the outside for a while when the guide described the museum for me. All the Irish immigrants lived in the building and the costumers of the bar on the first floor shared only three toilets. People lived here before had to carried whole baskets of water themselves from the first floor to fifth floor. The basket now was filled with the same amount of weight of stones instead to let me try how heavy the basket was before. It was really heavy, and I knew that I couldn’t even make it to the second floor. Then I got into the room, and almost

Changes in technology anticipated to change the pattern of pollutant Research Paper - 1

Changes in technology anticipated to change the pattern of pollutant emissions - Research Paper Example Man cannot altogether stop using fossil fuels but moves to decrease energy consumption by developing new technologies designed for energy efficiency is the best way to alleviate the state of the environment. New Technologies refer to both innovations in production or generation of energy and its actual use. Generation of energy from solar, wind, geothermal, tides and hydroelectric are, currently, being implemented and studied. The graph below shows that new technologies in the generation of energy from renewable resources delivers needed energy but emits less CO2 emissions. US-NASA predicts further decrease in CO2 emissions in the future. New technologies developed for actual use or consumption of energy seeks to maximize these renewable sources of energy in the three major areas of transportation; industrial energy usage; and, in commercial and residential buildings. This is clearly exemplified in the Modern Refrigerators and the introduction of Electronic Vehicles. The diagram below shows that the energy use per refrigerator decreased by two-thirds since the introduction of new energy efficient refrigerators. The continued study and development of refrigerator efficiency improvements has proven to be a success. The introduction of Electronic Vehicles according to the research by Micheal Wang, Mark DeLuchi and Daniel Sperling has the effects of lowering the emissions of HC, CO, NO, SO, and particulates. With continued use, they predict a significant reduction in California that will help major air basins in California meet national ambient air quality standards. It cannot be denied that new technologies decrease pollutant emissions. To be fully effective, according to study conducted by Amit Garg, P.R. Shukla, Debyani Ghosh, Manmohan Kapshe and Nair Rajesh, laws and governments must give full support to the endeavor. Garg A., Shukla P., Ghosh D., Kapshe M., & Rajesh N. Future Greenhouse Gas and Local Pollutant Emissions for India: Policy

The Fate Of Drugs And Drug Development Essay Example for Free

The Fate Of Drugs And Drug Development Essay The most appropriate dosage form for administering drugs to pediatric patients is the low-dose liquid format, computed through the patient’s kilogram body weight.   Pediatric patients are generally small in body size and thus a very low dose is sufficient in attaining the desired clinical outcome.   For adults, the maximum dose in tablet or capsule form can be administered. (2)   A drug in tablet or capsule form easily disintegrates in the stomach and the contents are further dissolved as it passes through into the small intestines, where absorption takes place. (3)   Pharmacokinetics pertains to the action of drugs in terms of absorption, as well as metabolism within the human body (Sharan et al., 2009).   This field also deals with the distribution of the drug and its eventual excretion. (4)   Pharmacokinetics involves a specific order of activities with regards to a drug because it describes the actual steps that occur during drug intake.   Before the actual effect of a drug takes place, the active ingredient needs to be absorbed through the intestinal lining and further distributed to the target areas of the body.   Metabolism then occurs which is the incorporation of the drug to the target areas.   Any excess or used drugs are then removed from the body through the process of excretion. (5)   The chemical nature of the drug determines the absorption ability of a drug.   Lipophilic drugs generally enter the cells quickly, due to its similarity in composition to the plasma membrane.   High dosages can also increase the absorption of a drug into cells. (6)   Pharmacodynamics pertains to the effect of a drug in terms of its biochemistry and physiological action in the human body. (7)   One main action of a drug is to stimulate the human body to perform a specific action (Kang and Lee, 2009).   Another type of drugs is the depressant, which slows down specific activities in the body.   There are also cytotoxic drugs that kill specific cells in the body.   Other drugs are aimed to replace certain substances that are lacking or at very low levels in the body. (8)   The general relationship observed is that when a drug response is attained, the serum concentration of that same drug is found to be at its highest dose.   Drug manufacturing is mainly based on the preparation of capsules or tablets that contain the minimum amount of the drug that can exert a response in the human body (Najib, 2009). (9)  Ã‚   An adverse effect of a drug occurs when there are more than enough amounts that are circulating in the body of a patient.   The excess amount can cause damage to the liver of an individual (Marin et al., 2009).   Drug-drug interactions pertain to the effect of one drug on another, if they are administered at the same time.   The presence of another drug may either interfere or enhance the effect of another drug and thus it is important for a physician to know all the drugs that a patient takes before prescribing or administering any new drugs. References Kang, J.S. and Lee, M.H.   (2009).   Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring.   Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 24, 1-10. Marin, J.J., Briz, O., Perez, M.J., Romero, M.R. and Monte, M.J.   (2009).   Hepatobiliary transporters in the pharmacology and toxicology of anticancer drugs.   Frontiers in Bioscience, 14, 4257-4280. Najib, J.   (2009).   The efficacy and safety profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, a prodrug of d-amphetamine, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults.   Clinical Therapeutics, 31, 142-176. Sharan, K., Siddiqui, J.A., Swarnkar, G., Maurya, R. and Chattopadhyay, N.   (2009).   Role of phytochemicals in the prevention of menopausal bone loss: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human interventional and pharma-cokinetic studies.   Current Topics in Medical Chemistry, 16, 1138-1157.

The Ecstasy Debate: Weighing The Good And The Bad :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Ecstasy Debate: Weighing The Good And The Bad Ever since its first synthesis 80 years ago, the seemingly harmless nature of the drug ecstasy has been the subject of much debate. While many scientists are convinced that there is a darker side to the euphoria-inducing pill than meets the eye, the millions of users insist that no such danger exists. In fact, while I conducted my research on the subject, I discovered that to some extent, the users' concept is true - ecstasy does seem to be far less harmful than any of the other popularized drugs of the century. But why, then, in 1985 was this limitlessly pleasurable drug outlawed (1), with such a weak case against it? Is the scientific world's overly cautious attitude preventing us from experiencing a limitless pleasure unlike anything we have ever known? These were the questions I sought to have answered. 3,4 - Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA as it has come to be called, is a psychoactive drug with a chemical structure similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline, and demonstrates both psychedelic and stimulant effects (3). It was first synthesized by a German company in 1912 to be used to help develop more advanced therapeutic drugs (1). In the 1970s, MDMA was used to facilitate psychotherapy by a group of therapists in the United States (5). Not until the 1980s and early 1990s did the drug gain worldwide popularity as the illicit "ecstasy" (5), the drug that would eventually stir a wave of excitement among young people everywhere. Ecstasy use, which saw its roots in the hippie generation of the 1970s, has since grown exponentially. Ecstasy tablets confiscated by the Drug Enforcement Administration increased from 13,342 in 1996 to 950,000 in 2000 (4). According to a study conducted by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research in 1998, 4.3 percent of 8th graders, 7.3 percent of 10th graders, and 11 percent of 12th graders reported they had used MDMA at some point (4). However, by far the age group with the heaviest use (1.4 million Americans) of the drug was reported for those between 18 and 25 years of age (4). So much ecstasy is entering our country at present that the Customs Service has developed an ecstasy command center and is training dogs to sniff out the drug (2). What is it that lures so many people to "experiment" with ecstasy and tantalizes them to want more?

Consider how succsesful sheriff conveys the realities in war situations Essay

The play called Journey’s end is all based on real events of WW1, it is written by R.C.Sherriff, the title of the play shows us the play is about a journey but has to come to an end quite obvious but very important, In Act one scene one we get an insight where Osborne is having a conversation with Hardy which leads onto the important part of the play the big German attack, ‘By the way, you know the Big German attack is expected any day’. Surely you would expect that you would be very shocked to hear of this news but Osborne simply plays it down saying ‘It’s been expected for the last month’ as if to say will they ever do it? Now Osborne and Hardy have a long conversation and the audience must think now this is unusual would they have time to that and if you’re asking what that is then ‘Ever ad earwig races?’ ‘ no’ ‘I will give you a tip’ ‘what’ ‘if u dip them in whiskey they go li ke hell’ This I think shows typical men gambling and competition but it also shows us the joy of the war how close the soldiers are together which points out they have spent a long time in the trenches together so it’s showing us that its long ‘ When Hardy finally leaves Osborne alone, the cook Mason comes in to talk about dinner but Mason is the sort of character who eve though there is war he can still is very funny. ‘Soup sir cutlets’ ‘Just kidding ordinary rationary meat sir looks like liver but it has not got that wet smooth look that liver has got and it has a noo shape. After this the new soldier has arrived and Osborne is there to greet him, the new soldier is Raleigh but he is also still a schoolboy ‘Oh no you see I only left school at the end of the last summer term’ this shows us just how bad the war situation was the fact that they were now forcing schoolboys in. In act two scene one again we find out about the food and how you have to save it ‘well take the lumps out of my porridge, good keep the lumps and use um for dumplings next time e ave boiled beef. Then they talk about the big attack again ‘the boche is up to something. The big attack is soon’ Then Raleigh says something strange which makes the audience think but there your enemies ‘those germans are well decent. there is a joke next where mason says ‘ would you like some sardines’ no I would loathe it sir’ very good sir’ this show the audience that mason gives it him as it is the only thing for him to eat and even though he hates it he has no choice but to eat it to built up his strength. The main focus is Act three scene 3 starts off with great imagery ‘The candles are no longer burning’ the intense darkness of the dug out is softened by the glow of the Very lights in the sky beyond the doorway. There is no sound except for the distant mutter of the guns. ‘Putting the mug on the table’ shows it is a very big dug out as it can have all those things in the dug out, which shows us that they must have some importance. Its dawn ‘Towards dawn’ which sets the scene just another old day. ‘OT teaâ€℠¢ they have tea which shows that they have a jolly morning meaning there is two sides to the war. ‘Trotter is singing a long long trail’ which means its joyful there is still humour in the middle of a war, there is also humour because Stanhope says ‘Has the milkman been yet in French’ ‘The faint whisper of shells hitting the dug out’ It shows the big attack has started, intensifying ‘three more shells hit rapidly’ building it up. ‘Trotter’s hand is quivering’ which shows he is scared out of comfort. ‘Stanhope is still writing in his book’ which means that he isn’t taking much notice he is staying calm ignoring the fact he could probably die any minute. ‘Only corporal Ross hit’ showing us the other side of the war that it is not all peace and happiness. ‘Red glow of dawn’ Sort of angry colour, Then Raleigh is shot in the back. ‘Bit of shells got him in the back, Fraid it’s broke his spine, sir can’t move his legs. This is where Stanhope realizes how much he likes Raleigh, normally Stanhope would get them took down to the big dug out on the right but not Raleigh, ‘Bring him down ere’ which shows Stanhope is saying Raleigh is important my best friend, ‘Raleigh wakes from unconsciousness ‘Hullo——Dennis’ which shows us that he is weak from the attack and he is slowly dying, but Raleigh thinks he is ok ‘Im okay now (he tries to rise) then they are talking about the gun noise ‘Nah it is mostly their guns’ showing that they know the war is half lost and there isn’t a lot of hope left in it at all. We have an awful conversation that is so sad about Raleigh is going to die but Stanhope is trying to keep up the hope and then he dies and it is all so sad. Then Stanhope leaves and a shell hits the dug out causing it to collapse snuffing out the candle leaving Raleigh in darkness, we can only think none of them survived.

Development in Durban

Here at USAID, our mission is to provide economic development and humanitarian assistance to people located all around the world. At USAID we ave a strong sector focused on Sub-Saharan African development. We notice that Durban is an up-and-coming city, with the potential to be a thriving seven million- person city by the turn of the century. We are contacting you about your future sustainable urban development.There are rural areas located around your city which are extremely agricultural, but these farms are in need of exporting their goods in order to make money, and a high poverty level still arises in South Africa. We want to stimulate both Durban and the surrounding rural cities' economic development and growth through implementing sustainable agricultural evelopment programs throughout the area. Much attention has been raised towards sustainable economic development and growth as barriers are taken down and globalization continues to expand to the most rural parts of the world .We believe that Durban, as a booming city of more than three million people, is a perfect place to implement sustainable urban agriculture and a city where the benefits will be fully reaped. Once these plans have taken shape, countries throughout Africa will take notice of the efficient resource use and city-wide positive development that has taken place. This paper will lay out three advantages that will stem from adding agriculture into urban life: the involvement of women and children in societal development, environmental benefits, and a benefit in food security.As the 17th Conference of the Parties to the UN Conference on Climate Change in Durban is around the corner (l am sure you know but as a reminder the 28th of November), now is a perfect time to seriously consider the benefits of sustainable urban agriculture as a means towards bettering the society, economy, and environment. Why does Durban, South Africa need to involve urban agriculture within its city nd surrounding a reas? A r ca, Latin America, and Asia, by the year 2 home to 75% of urban dwellers world-wide.This same study conducted by the Resource Centres for Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) predicted that by 2020, 40-45% of the poor in Africa will be concentrated in towns and cities (â€Å"Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security†). After taking a look at these statistics, one can comprehend the magnitude of the effects on cities that the global population increase will cause. I am going to give you some examples of urban gricultural projects from other cities worldwide before I delve into the positive effects of implementing such projects into your city.Essentially, an urban farm can be found in window sills, abandoned warehouses, and old parking lots. The magazine Farming the City highlights several examples of urban agriculture. One such community-boosting project is under way in Berlin, Germany. Here, the community has come together to convert the unused s pace of a half-century-old wasteland into an area suitable for growing vegetation and fruits. Activists and community members were the main people involved in the project.The article notes that such spaces would promote community development through the sharing of knowledge, a â€Å"mini utopia† where people enjoy fresh foods and relax (Stipo 7). Architectural design has aimed at building fixtures in the urban sectors of cities, such as in the OosteliJk havengebeid district of Amsterdam. Here, a greenhouse† plan has been undertaken. This greenhouse will feature shops on the ground floor, restaurants on the top and effective uses of window-placement that allow maximum sunlight for the cultivation of crops.The area outside of the greenhouse will be used as a locally- rown vegetable garden. (Stipo 6). Examples such as these show how community development can be achieved through organized gardens run by civilians and new building designs where sustainable practices are enfo rced. Let me start out with giving a detailed overview of why sustainable agricultural development will be implemented into Durban and the surrounding rural areas.Sustainable development, without the added agricultural term, is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†l . Why have humans even come to this point where there is an extremely viable chance that future generations will not be able to survive on this planet? The answer can be boiled down to misuse of natural resources and humans' inability to be environmental stewards, taking care of the land which they rely on for food and water.I Just want to include some data on Africa's deforestation and poor land use so as to drill home the point of the need for sustainable agricultural methods to be implemented. South Africa, as a growing developing country, should heed warming of the harmful effects that deforestation as to lled upon Earth and its people in recent history. For one, deforestation causes soil erosion, which eventually leads to desertification and the pollution of waterways. Sub-Saharan Africa does not need dry, infertile land.Land needs to remain fertile in order for the production of food to take place. South Africa's climate does not provide for much indigenous forest, as only 0. 5% of its surface area is covered by it (Collins). Urban agriculture will relieve deforestation, as it provides food to be produced within a city and not on large-scale farms. Much care should be put towards preserving hese forests. Urban agriculture aims at using less resources and the creativity of the human mind to create organic toods which nave the ability to keep the relationship between man and the world a healthy one.The fact that up to 75 percent of the population in 29 Sub-Saharan Africa countries was constituted as malnourished in 2004, is alarming. Most of these individuals farm for a living, not m aking much money or providing food for their families or even their selves. Malnourishment and poverty essentially go hand in hand. In fact, in the year 2000, 59 percent of people lived below the poverty line of US 1 [day (United Nations Environment). Urban agricultural development can be used to benefit the society of African areas.The fact that children and women are forced to work long hours on their farms and are still hungry is mainly due to the fact that they have no money to support themselves. They are not making enough money selling their crops and therefore do not have enough money to buy their own food. As a solution to this problem, Alex Colletta, a columnist for the University of California, Santa Barbara's daily newspaper, Daily Nexus, writes that by implementing self- ustaining farms into vacant lots and backyards, children and women can â€Å"promote community spirit†¦ rovide fresh vegetables and fruits to several businesses and homeless shelters and also help feed a dying economy by helping small restaurants get the best food for cheap prices† (Colletta 4). As urban farmers no longer have to worry about paying for food, they can make a profit to live on. While the organic farming that Alex Colletta talks about in her article is coming from Detroit, a city in northern Michigan, USA, there is no doubt that the poor in South Africa can use it as form of both a societal community booster and a form of economic development.Detroit has many abandoned factories, and these are what are being used for the new urban farms; Durban can build greenhouses and buildings in non-developed areas in order to promote the citys poor to become urban famers. Bill McKibben writes in his magazine article entitled A Special Moment in History that â€Å"Growing too fast may mean that they [poor people in slums] run short of cropland to feed themselves, of firewood to cook their food, of school desks and hospital beds† (McKibben, 400). He explains in t his part of his article how population growth akes it difficult for the poor members of society to sustain their livelihoods.One key pressure in the wake of rising African populations is food security. One major dilemma the poor face in the growing world, food security, centers on individuals' abilities to have healthy food when they need it. In Amy N. Lerner's article about food security and food production in the global south, she states that â€Å"research in Africa has found that economic and caloric needs are the primary motivations for populations in urban and pert-urban areas to pursue agriculture† (Lerner, 6).With ising population densities, there is a rise in resource necessities; while this is the case, available labor and land remains low. Urban agriculture has the ability to provide organic fresh vegetables and fruits to a growing population within Durban. Families will be working within the community in order to provide food for community-run farmers markets and for their own families. With the smart use of land-planning, which is a major part of urban agriculture, along with having more people work, smarter, less resource-intensive urban areas will bloom.Three advantages of organic farming are centralized on the society, the economy nd the environment; urban agriculture, as an organic form of farming, brings about all three ot these advantages. The advantage that organic urban farming poses towards cities and its population (society) revolves around the development of women and the alleviation of poverty, which brings about greater food security. Organic public markets, commonly known as farmers' markets, provide a place where members of society can convene and purchase locally-grown foods.So, by promoting local food production for local needs, global policy should move away from subsidizing corporate food exports and opening p to foreign food imports, which drives small-scale farmers off of their land, and towards a policy that promotes s mall-scale, environmentally sound farming that provides for local markets (Brecher, Costello, Smith 316). Due to the fact that 59 percent of people worldwide lived below the poverty line of IJS$I ‘day in the year 2000, new forms of aid for those who suffer from wages not able to sustain a healthy livelihood are pivotal in development (United Nations Environment Programme ).With development strategies in place, women and children will learn how to grow vegetables and fruits, therefore being able to feed hemselves and sell food in local farmers markets. An increasing role in women's livelihoods has an extremely positive benefit for communities. Mayra Buvinic notes in her article Women in Poverty: A New Global Underclass manors in which national and international policies can change and improve to yield great benefits for poor women and the developing world. Two implementations Ms.Buvinic recommends are to â€Å"Increase rural women's access to agricultural extension servicesâ⠂¬  and â€Å"adopt labor- intensive ‘pro-poor' economic growth policies that expand employment opportunities† (Buvinic 161). Examples of agricultural extension services include access to current news via internet and television broadcasts as well as agricultural production information and technologies (â€Å"Rural Extension and Advisory Services†). With these services, poor women in urban South Africa will become more knowledgeable as to ways they can improve their livelihoods while still being considered farmers.Urban farmers are realizing that food markets where they can share their products with other members of their community are great places to make money, socialize, and learn new ways to efficiently grow crops. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization's â€Å"The State of Food and Agriculture, 2010-2011- Women in Agriculture† report, if women had the same access as men to productive resources, they could increase yields on their farms by 20-30 percent. This increase would cause for a 2. 5-4. percent increase in Africa's agricultural output (â€Å"State of Food and Agriculture: Women in Agriculture† 3). The message essentially being conveyed here is that women who are given equal access to resources as men are will generate more food and be able to deal with food scarcity and poverty throughout their respective countries. As the Center for American Progress points out, 26. 5 percent of African women are poor compared to 22. 3 percent of African males (Cawthorne ). The societal benefits of poverty alleviation with integration of urban agriculture are great.Giving women the opportunity to work in a community- run garden where they can consume and sell foods gives them an occupation that empowers and insights them with knowledge. These women and children realize that they are helping the environment while improving their ownlivelihoods. Recreation provides physical and/or psychological relaxation, as well as act ivities where the poor an become educated about ecology, mentions an article on the reasons urban agriculture is important by the Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (â€Å"Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security†) Foundation.The social impacts that revolve around women and children's participation in urban agriculture are a positive reason to enforce policies that will give them land for the creation of their own urban farms. The environmental benefits of urban agriculture are the alleviation of the costs surrounding transporting foods over long distances, ater-saving irrigation (reclaimed water), and composting materials to use as fertilizers instead of synthetic chemical fertilizers. Even with the amount of deforestation that has taken place worldwide, land is no longer suitable for agriculture.Of the 11 percent of our planet Earth that is suitable for agriculture, humans have destroyed 38 percent of it through poor natural resource mana gement practices (â€Å"Sustainable Agriculture†). Becoming good environmental stewards presents itself as humanities' last option. There is no longer enough land to provide food for the growing worldwide population. Cities will need to make use of urban agriculture to make up for this discrepancy. An overall adaptation towards organic rather than conventional methods of farming is the future of food production.With less conventional and more organic farming methods, the use of pesticides will decrease dramatically. Pesticides create harm both for wildlife and humans, as toxins seep into waterways and onto vegetation. â€Å"Overall public health and ecological integrity could be improved† through the adoption of organic, pesticide-free, farming practices, says David Pimentel, who is part of the Cornell Department of Entomology. Pimentel 573). Composting can be seen as an environmental benefit in urban green spaces because it provides the soil fertility that otherwise i s not present on old construction sites where growing operations are under way.The main benefit that composting brings to urban agriculture, according to Arne Saebo, is that â€Å"high-quality compost consists of many compounds that influence the biological processes in the soil positively, thus improving the physical and chemical soil characteristics (Saebo, and Ferrini 160). Reclaimed water – coming from treated waste water – will be an ffective way to rid of urban waste water and will save water that can be used for other reasons, such as drinking. 2 Local governmental policies need to implement these sustainable, environmentally-friendly practices into Durban's urban agriculture system, and enforce them.Urban agriculture is economically viable for civilians of South Africa for some key reasons. For one, urban agriculture in Nairobi consists of only one-third private residential land; this means that the other two-thirds of land where crops are grown in the city co nsists of â€Å"roadsides, riverbanks, and other publicly owned lands† (Romanik, 18). Clare T. Romanik, who works for the think tank Urban Institute, also notes in her article, An Urban-Rural Focus on the Food Markets in Africa, that urban agriculture has less means for the packaging, transportation, and storage of food (18).As noted in the social benefits of urban agriculture stated earlier, food security is a great benefit of growing food that can be both consumed and grown by the consumer; this is also an economically important benefit due to its aid against poverty. According to RUAF, Africa city-dwellers spend 50-70 percent of their income on food (â€Å"Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security†). Growing one's own vegetables in vacant lots or other creative places within Durban will allow tarmers to botn provide valuable vegetables tor their own consumption as well as for profit sales.People who oppose or are speculative of the implementation of ur ban agricultural practices contend that available land is decreasing as populations in cities rise. As these populations rise, people are taking the land in informal ways and purchasing rights are not easy to obtain (Romanik 35). Also, some people may be speculative of how organic and healthy the vegetables and fruits coming from these urban farmers truly are. These speculations can be resolved through strict legislative policies. One other concern regarding urban agriculture is the question surrounding if it will support growing cities with enough food.Mr. Pimentel observed a study of both organically-grown and conventionally-grown soybeans between 1981 and 2001. Respectively, the crops produced were 2461 and 2546 kilograms per hectare (Pimentel). As we see here, it is evident that growing food the organic way without powerful pesticides still provides close to the same yield as conventional farming. Investments in sustainable development need to occur, and uickly. Population press ures are continuously throwing wood on the fire that drives legislature and human minds to create new policies and ideas which are necessary to sustain life on earth for all its inhabitants.Investments should be made that incorporate money into the public sector to meet human and environmental needs. Urban agriculture will provide locally-grown, healthy food for members of Durban. A vast sum of money will be saved from paying for food imports if city-dwellers purchase their food from farmers markets and consume food from their own organic arms. For women and children, and society as a whole, urban agriculture will expedite development through invigorating a sense of community and education of ecological processes.Currently, the state of global trade is making life very difficult for those who do not earn a living wage. Locally-grown foods will bring food and money to those who are impoverished. Essentially, I write this as an alert, an invigoration of awareness, that there is a prob lem of people suffering in South Africa who need food. Solutions to food security and hunger are available: it is within egislatures hands to create policies that allow for city-wide composting, the management of public green spaces, and the development of self-sufficient ways of life for all.

Information Technology (IT) Vocabulary for ESL

Information Technology (IT) Vocabulary for ESL The Information Technology Field is large and accounts for a lot of jobs. If English isnt your native language, it can be difficult to know what vocabulary you need to use for work or talking about the industry. You can find the right words in the Occupational Handbook provided by the United States Department of Labor, but looking through all of them can be overwhelming. To make things easier, here is a list of some of the most important English vocabulary items for the information technology field, selected from the Occupational Handbook. This list is by no means complete. However, it provides a good starting point to further explore the vocabulary youll use in the industry. Each word includes its ​part of speech. There are a number of suggestions at the end of the list to help you build on and further improve your vocabulary. Top Information Technology Vocabulary Ability - (noun)Accounting - (noun)Addition - (noun)Adequate - (adjective)Administrator - (noun)Advance - (noun / verb)Analysis - (noun)Analysts - (noun)Analyze - (verb)Annual - (adjective)Application - (noun)Architect - (noun)Area - (noun)Arise - (verb)Associate - (noun / verb)Background - (noun)Business - (noun)Carpal - (adjective)Carrier - (noun)Certification - (noun)Chapter - (noun)Chief - (noun)Code - (noun / verb)Common - (adjective)Communicate - (verb)Communication - (noun)Competitive - (adjective)Computer - (noun)Computing - (noun)Concentrate - (noun / verb)Considerable - (adjective)Consultant - (noun)Consulting - (noun)Coordinate - (verb)Create - (verb)Customer - (noun)Cyber - (adjective)Data - (noun)Database - (noun)Deal - (noun / verb)Decline - (verb)Demand - (noun / verb)Design - (noun)Designer - (noun)Detailed - (adjective)Determine - (verb)Developer - (noun)Development - (noun)Discussion - (noun)Effectively - (adverb)Efficiency - (noun)Electronic - (adjective)Employ - ( verb) Engineering - (noun)Engineer - (noun)Enterprise - (noun)Environment - (noun)Equipment - (noun)Expertise - (noun)Eyestrain - (noun)Finance - (noun)Financial - (adjective)Firm - (noun)Force - (noun / verb)Function - (noun)Goal - (noun)Graduate - (noun / verb)Hardware - (noun)Implementation - (noun)Install - (verb)Institution - (noun)Instruction - (noun)Insurance - (noun)Integrate - (verb)Intranet - (noun)Introductory - (noun)Involved - (adjective)Keyboard - (noun)Knowledge - (noun)Laboratory - (noun)Language - (noun)Latest - (superlative adjective)Lead - (noun / verb)Leadership - (noun)Level - (noun)Location - (noun)Lowest - (superlative adjective)Maintain - (verb)Maintenance - (noun)Marketing - (noun)Mathematics - (noun)Matrix - (noun)Median - (noun)Mobile - (adjective)Monitor - (noun / verb)Nature - (noun)Network - (noun)Networking - (noun)Officer - (noun)Office - (noun)Offshore - (adjective)Order - (noun / verb)Organization - (noun)Outsourcing - (noun)Oversee - (verb)Pdf - (noun)Per form - (verb) Performance - (noun)Period - (noun)Plan - (noun / verb)Prevailing - (adjective)Problem - (noun)Process - (noun / verb)Product - (noun)Program - (noun / verb)Programmer - (noun)Project - (noun)Projections - (noun)Promoted - (adjective)Prospect - (noun)Provide - (verb)Publishing - (noun)Rapid - (adjective)Reduce - (verb)Relevant - (adjective)Remote - (adjective)Replace - (verb)Research - (noun / verb)Resource - (noun)Respond - (verb)Rounded - (adjective)Sales - (noun)Science - (noun)Scientific - (adjective)Scientist - (noun)Section - (noun)Security - (noun)Service - (noun)Simultaneously - (adverb)Site - (noun)Software - (noun)Sophisticated - (adjective)Specialist - (noun)Specialized - (adjective)Specific - (adjective)Spend - (verb)Staff - (noun)Statistic - (noun)Substantial - (adjective)Sufficient - (adjective)Support - (noun / verb)Syndrome - (noun)System - (noun)Task - (noun)Technical - (adjective)Technician - (noun)Technological - (adjective)Technology - (noun)Telecommunications - ( noun) Title - (noun)Tool - (noun)Training - (noun)Transfer - (noun / verb)Uncommon - (adjective)Understanding - (noun)User - (noun)Variety - (noun)Vendor - (noun)Web - (noun)Webmaster - (noun)Wireless - (adjective)Worker - (noun)Workplace - (noun) Improving Your Vocabulary Tips Review each word in the list. Do you know its meaning? If not, look it up in the dictionary.Use each word in a sentence. Using a new word both when speaking and writing will help you remember it.Use the words to describe your job, or working in the information technology profession in general. How specific can you be? Which words do you need beyond this list? Make sure to keep track.Learn synonyms and antonyms by using an online thesaurus  to further extend your vocabulary.Use a visual dictionary. It  will help you learn the names of specific equipment used in the industry.Listen to co-workers and note how they use these words. Ask co-workers about new words when youre not sure.Ask co-workers questions about how new words are used at work.Search online for information about information technology. Listen to podcasts on the subject, read a blog about agriculture. Keep informed in English and your knowledge of related vocabulary will grow quickly.

Portraits from 1480-1560 - Beauty and Power Essay

Portraits from 1480-1560 - Beauty and Power - Essay Example On looking at the precision and detail Leonardo and other artists afforded his portraits, it is evident that what they were drawing was not merely portraits but ‘reality’ as it were. The artist’s attention to detail shows the modern person how life was during the time (Tinagli88). At the point, the portraits were supposed to be three-quarter so that the sitter could lock their eyes with the painter in a way that signified dialogue. It was believed that the eyes were the instrument through which love was communicated yet a few of the most celebrated portraits did not lock eyes with the viewer. Portrait Ginevra de’ Benci did not lock eyes with the beholder in spite of her being a renowned poet and hailed for her work which preached love. In his documentation, Leonardo wrote that he understood the conventions of beauty as depicted in poetry and believed that a painter yields, even more, power over men’s mind as in his work, he could draw a portrait that a man can fall in love too. The painting may not even depict a living person. In his argument, Leonardo is right to state that the paintings had power over the mind of men. Mostly, the eyes were believed to communicate love. In such a case, if the person received a portrait of a woman whose eyes were locked to those of the beholder, then there is no doubt the beholder would have translated the images to mean that the person loved them. In conclusion, there are many changes that have occurred in artistry since the Renaissance.

Building a House for the Handicapped Term Paper

Building a House for the Handicapped - Term Paper Example iii. Benefits analysis: A benefit analysis must be carried out to ensure that the project is justified. A qualitative benefit analysis as well as a quantitative benefit analysis would ensure that all possible aspects are covered. The qualitative benefit analysis would comprise of various aspects that make handicapped housing better than simpler abodes for disabled individuals. The quantitative analysis could comprise of the cost benefit analysis which would determine if the proposed project is better than existing solutions. (Flyvbjerg, Bruzelius, & Rothengatter, 2003) b. Initial Planning i. The planning process would need to take into account the proposed design to facilitate disabled individuals as well as the compliance of this design with guidelines and relevant laws. This would be followed by procurement planning and subsequently construction planning. ii. WBS (Work Breakdown Structure): The WBS approach ensures that a larger project is distributed into smaller components that c an be defined individually. The various work areas are articulately defined so that they are mutually exclusive. This helps to define the complete scope of the project with relative ease. (Haugan, 2001) The WBS for the project is presented below: iii. SWOT analysis: SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) represents the internal strengths and weaknesses of a project or business operation. (Armstrong., 2006) The SWOT analysis for the project is presented in the matrix below: Strengths Weaknesses well planned execution; help from volunteer groups; well established trends to take cue from. mismanagement during construction; underestimated timelines; underestimated costs; provision for specialised services will add to cost. Opportunities Threats government funding support; volunteer based help. solution may not be the most feasible solution around; budgetary overruns. iv. SOW (Statement of Work): A SOW is a formal piece of documentation that defines the total work activitie s along with deliverables within a timeline. Often a SOW is used for coordination between provider / vendor and the concerned client. Generally detailed price breakups and requirements are included in a SOW as well as any relevant regulations and governance conditions. A SOW will be developed for the project to enhance traceability as well as measurability of the overall progress. (Nielsen, 2009) 2. Design a. Time planning i. Constructing a time plan will be done through standard tools such as Microsoft Project to create a comprehensive Gantt chart as per the WBS. This will enable the executing party to take full measure of the time involved along with the resources involved. ii. Tasks dependencies will be listed within the prepared timeline and will be kept to a minimum in order to ensure that the WBS is allowed to function fully. Major task dependencies will include approval of planned materials (including plot plans and construction blueprints), building foundations, creating wal ls, building the roofing and floors. Finishing will depend on these tasks during which special elements such as ramps, communication equipment etc. would be added to facilitate disabled people. b. The critical chain approach ensures that project planning and management depends largely on resource requirements. This is opposed to traditional methods such as PERT and critical path. The CCPM (critical chain project